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The economy of Chile has shifted substantially over time from the heterogeneous economies of the diverse indigenous peoples to an early husbandry-oriented economy and finally to one of raw material export and a large service sector. Chile's recent economic history (1973–) has been the focus of an extensive debate from which "neoliberalism" acquired its modern meaning.〔Taylor C. Boas and Jordan Gans-Morse, Neoliberalism: From New Liberal Philosophy to Anti-Liberal Slogan, Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID), Volume 44, Number 2, , p. 149〕 A period of relative free trade that began with independence in the 1810s bought a modernizing development of certain sectors of the Chilean economy and to the formation of a local business class, a novelty in Chile. Chile experienced its first modern economic crisis with the Long depression in the 1870s. The exploitation of lucrative nitrate deposits of the north conquered in War of the Pacific (1879–1884) marked a whole epoch in the history of Chile and its legacy for has been widely debated. In the first half of the 20th century Chile suffered severe economic recessions including the Great Depression. This period saw the rapid urbanization of the country, and a state led partial industrialization that begun in 1939. Large scale copper mining replaced saltpetre extraction as the country's main source of wealth. Chilean agriculture remained one of the most undeveloped sectors of economy and was stagnant, despite land reforms in the 1960s and 1970s, from 1930 to 1980. In the mid-1970s under the influence of the Chicago Boys, Pinochet's military dictatorship initiated profounds change oriented to a "neoliberal" economic model. The democratic governments that succeeded the dictatorship since 1990 have largely continued its economic policies, but increased social spending and reduced poverty. Chilean exports and GDP per capita rose steadily through the 1980s and 1990s until the Asian crisis of 1997 after which economic growth slowed somewhat. In the post-1973 period there has been a rise in outsourcing, self-employment, informal employment and an increase in women's share in the labor force.〔Salazar & Pinto 2002, pp. 184–187.〕 ==Pre-Hispanic economy== In the Far North the Pre-Hispanic economy of indigenous groups were divided among those that practised agriculture and were sedentary and the Changos that lived as coastal hunter-gatherers. The sedentary groups raised llamas and practised irrigation techniques. Bone necklaces, gold and copper objects interpreted as luxury goods suggest according to Villalobos ''et al''. certain level of social stratification among the sedentary groups.〔Villalobos ''et al''. 1974, pp. 21–22.〕 At the time of the arrival of the first Spaniards to Chile the largest indigenous population concentration was in the area spanning from Itata River to Chiloé Archipelago.〔Otero 2006, p. 36.〕 In this area indigenous groups practised glade agriculture among the forests.〔Otero 2006, pp. 21-22.〕 The forests provided firewood, fibre and allowed the production of planks.〔 Agriculture type varied; while some Mapuches and Huilliches practised a slash-and-burn type of agriculture some more labour-intensive agriculture is known to have been developed by Mapuches around Budi Lake (raised fields) and the Lumaco and Purén valleys (canalized fields).〔Dillehay, Tom D.; Pino Quivira, Mario; Bonzani, Renée; Silva, Claudia; Wallner, Johannes; Le Quesne, Carlos (2007) (Cultivated wetlands and emerging complexity in south-central Chile and long distance effects of climate change ). ''Antiquity'' 81 (2007): 949–960〕〔 Tools are known to have been relatively simple. In addition the Mapuche and Huilliche economy was complemented with chilihueque raising.〔Villalobos ''et al''. 1974, p. 50.〕 The southern coast was particularly rich in molluscs, algaes, crustaceans and fish.〔 The fjords and channels of the Chilean Far South (excluding Chiloé Archipelago) were inhabited by nomadic canoe-using hunter-gatherers. These groups included the Chonos, the Alacaluf and the Yaghans.〔Villalobos ''et al''. 1974, p. 57.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Economic history of Chile」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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